Systems holding schools accountable for student performance are in place in every state and policymakers are now making adjustments to comply with No Child Left Behind. Implementation of new accountability systems raises difficult technical and political issues such as designing appropriate and adequate measures, determining whether to use absolute criteria and/or criteria based on progress, and adjusting for student background to ensure fairness and equity for both students and schools. Below is a listing of CPRE research that examines the issues that states and districts confront as they implement systems to hold schools accountable for student performance.